SS-31 50 mg

SS-31 helps improve mitochondrial function and overall energy production through ATP synthesis. studies have shown its ability to reduce the amount of inflammatory cytokines that cause oxidative stress and inflammatory diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Tarkinson's disease, heart disease, diabetes, kidney disease, and others.

What is SS-31

SS-31 (elamipretide) is a small aromatic peptide that easily penetrates cell membranes and organelles. It is believed that it prevents the production of active forms of oxygen (ROS or free radicals) and promotes the production of energy in cells by stabilizing the cardiolipin enzyme in mitochondria. Cardiolipin is part of the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it acts as a fundamental component of the electron transport chain, a mechanism that produces most of the energy needed for cell functioning.

Cardiolipin dysfunction contributes to the development of a number of diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes, heart failure, HIV, cancer, chronic fatigue syndrome and many others. Cardiolipin is considered the main component of mitochondrial myopathy, which is not a separate disease, but is a group of neuromuscular disorders caused by mitochondrial damage. Mitochondrial myopathy is characterized by everything from muscle weakness and exercise intolerance to heart failure, seizures and dementia.
SS-31 — the first peptide ever to undergo clinical trials as a potential treatment for mitochondrial myopathy.

CC-31 Studies

Improving mitochondria
Primary mitochondrial diseases (PM3) are among the most common hereditary diseases in the world. They are caused by dysfunction of the energy-producing apparatus of mitochondria. symptoms differ greatly depending on the form of the disease, but the most susceptible are organ systems with high energy needs (for example, the nervous system, heart, kidneys, etc.). Muscle damage and physical exercise intolerance are almost universal in mitochondrial diseases. Common symptoms include easy fatigue, exercise intolerance, and cramps.

PMD, and mitochondrial diseases in general, are primarily characterized by disturbances in ATP production. ATP acts as the cell's energy currency and is necessary for almost every cell function. Stabilization of ATP production in mitochondrial diseases has long been a goal of medicine. With the development of the SS-31, this goal may finally be realized.

The first evidence that SS-31 can restore energy production in PMD was obtained in animal studies. In this study, SS-31 was administered to rats with ischemic-perfusion injury (a non-genetic cause of mitochondrial disease). The peptide protected the structure of the kidneys, accelerated the recovery of ATP production, and reduced cell death and necrosis in the kidneys. Subsequent studies on mice showed that SS-31 interacts with cardiolipin in the inner membrane of mitochondria, and revealed that the peptide can reduce symptoms of mitochondrial disease regardless of etiology. There is also evidence that it can improve age-related mitochondrial dysfunction. These findings made it relatively easy to convince the FDA to grant SS-31 orphan drug status and pave the way for clinical trials.

In human phase II studies, SS-31 increased physical performance after only 5 days of treatment and did not reveal any safety issues or noticeable side effects. Unfortunately, phase III trials failed to provide convincing evidence of the clinical benefits of SS-31.

However, there is good reason to believe that the endpoints of the study were simply not appropriate and that additional work will lead to the peptide being approved for the treatment of certain mitochondrial diseases. According to Dr. Bruce Cohen, director of the Neurodevelopmental Science Center at Akron Children's Hospital, the results of previous phase II clinical trials have been very encouraging, so it's not time to give up just yet. Rather, he notes, SS-31 should stimulate interest in this particular area and draw attention to other major pharmaceutical studies.
It appears that this is already happening, as the company that first introduced SS-31 to clinical trials plans to continue testing a derivative of SS-31, as well as studies investigating other endpoints of SS-31 treatment.

At the moment, SS-31 is being tested for a number of different human diseases and within the framework of a number of different experimental models. The peptide is considered safe for use in humans, so it can also be prescribed by doctors out of compassion for patients who have no other treatment options. The peptide is likely to become part of mainstream medical care for a number of diseases in the near future, but even now it is available to people who need it while clinical trials are ongoing.

Diabetes

Diabetes, although caused by a simple violation of insulin secretion or function, is a complex condition with multiple pathophysiological manifestations. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the role of mitochondrial disorders in the pathogenesis of the disease, especially in type 2 diabetes. Thus, the treatment of mitochondrial dysfunction could become a way to mitigate some long-term consequences of diabetes, such as oxidative damage to small vessels. In a study on people who received SS-31, a noticeable decrease in the production of reactive oxygen species was observed. This suggests that SS-31 may help reduce the oxidative damage that usually accompanies mitochondrial dysfunction, and therefore may slow or stop the progression of microvascular disease in type 2 diabetes. This hypothesis is further supported by data from the same study that
SS-31 increases the level of SIRT1. SIRT1 levels were associated with improved insulin sensitivity and reduced inflammation in type 2 diabetes

Brief description of SS-31

Although SS-31 was initially of interest because it is believed to regulate the function of mitochondria in mitochondrial diseases, there is also convincing evidence that the peptide can regulate inflammation caused by mitochondria. There is a great deal of active interest in using SS-31 to improve mitochondrial function and, therefore, overall energy production through ATP synthesis. Although the initial phase III trials were not successful, it is believed that this may be more a result of the endpoints measured than a true inability of the peptide to have any effect. Currently, phase II studies are ongoing and phase III studies are planned to test SS-31 in various disease states and with various outcome indicators.
SS-31 may well provide the key to understanding mitochondrial dysfunction in various diseases and, thus, may be useful in the development of modern methods of treatment for Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, heart disease, diabetes, kidney disease, and much more.